Chapter+22

Notes- pg 484 - 491 MI + Details & short Summary


 * The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans:**

MI﻿ - The discovery of the massive Asian sea trading network, became a magnificent oppertunity for the Europeans to trade and aquire Asian, Indian, and Arab goods and bring them back to Europe.

Details:
 * Asian sea tradin network divided into 3 zones.
 * Arab Zone, Indian Zone, and the Chinese Zone.
 * West = Arab Zone - glass, carpets, tapestries.
 * Center = India Zone - superb cotton textiles.
 * East = Chinese Zone - paper, porcelain, and silk textiles.
 * Inbetween these centers were areas such as Japan, mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia, and the port cities of east Africa.
 * These areas = mainly raw materials - precious metals, foods, and forest products.
 * Europeans attempts to regulate and dominate - 2 things
 * 1. No central Control
 * 2. No military presence in trading networks.

MI - The portuguese were not willing to abide by the unwritten rules that came to being in the trading complex, so they resulted to brute force. Details:
 * Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut**
 * Portuguese only had gold and silver to trade with Asian people.
 * Portuguese took by force what they could not obtain through fair trade.
 * Decided this because theyre supperior ships and weaponary were unmatched other than the chinese junks.
 * Gained an element of surprise into the peaceful trading system.
 * Opponents unable to unite in battle to form a challenge against the Portuguese.
 * Mostly wanted spices.
 * Captured towns and Ports to build fortrsses in the trading network
 * In 1507 captured Ormuz, 1510 Captured Goa, and stormed Malacca
 * These ports served as naval bases, and they built factories to store spices/things untill ready to ship back to Europe.
 * Tried to create monopoly over asian spices, especially cinnamon.

MI : The empire the Portuguse dreamed of, although good in theory, never came true.
 * Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires:**

Details:
 * For decades controled some spices- nutmed and mace however never pepper and cinnamon
 * Would cut off hands of rival traders if caught trading spices, interrupting their monopoly.
 * Weakened Portuguese empire were no match for the English and the Dutch (victorious in short terms)
 * Captured Portuguese ports at Malacca and built their own in 1620 at Batavia on the island of Java.
 * Reflected European knowledge of Asian geography.
 * Dutch trading empire same as Portuguese - towns & factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited products.
 * Better ships than Portuguese
 * These profits contributed to Holands "Golden Age" in the 17th century.
 * Would of been better off peacefully becoming a part of the Asian trading system.
 * Demand for pepper and spices decreased

MI - Conquests of ports and town near the coastal line was easy due to the Europeans naval supperiority, however they lost this military advantage as they moved further inland in Asia.
 * Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia**

Details:
 * Europeans put in their place once in Asian territory without their military advantages.
 * Coffee in high demand in Europe in 17th century
 * Dutch controlled the coffee growing areas by the mid-18th century.
 * Spanish invaded Philippine Islands in the 1560s
 * Conquered Luzon and the northern islands
 * Europe fails to exceed power in land around this area
 * European conqueres did not disturb natives daily lives as long as native leaders cooperated.
 * agriculture products were used as payment under forced labor systems.

MI - Though the Dutch and the English weren't to concerned with converting the Asian into protastants, the Portuguese and the Spanish felt it was part of their global mission to spread Roman Catholicism around the world.
 * Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Souteast Asia**

Details: Summary **:** The Asian trading networks consisted of 3 zones: the west Arabs, in the Center the Indian Zone, and finally to the West the Chinese Zone. European exploration led to this trading complex however didnt offer much to trade other than gold and silver (Portuguese). So instead of peaceful trading they reffered to military might due to the lack of central control and military presence. The conquest of land and a temporary monopoly in specific asian goods were succesful however the spread and conversion of the Christian religion in Asia was an utter failure compared to the success The Portuguese and the Spanish had in the New World converting the American colonies. After European intervention the Asian trading network was never the same.
 * After conveerting all the Native Americans, the few results in Asia were devastating.
 * Since the Muslim faith had reached Asia much sooner than the Portuguese the people were hostile to the Portugueses offer of Christianity.
 * India appeared to be promosing for religious conversion
 * Appealing to the untouchables and poor/lower class people of India made conversion easy in those classes
 * However this approac to the lower class made the upper class caste reluctant to convert.
 * In the 1600s Robert di Nobili came up with a different conversion approach.
 * He learned several Indian languages allowing him to read the sacred Hindu texts.
 * Became a vegetarian and adopted their clothing style
 * All to appeal to the Upper class in India
 * His rivals pointed out that he had converted to Hinduism and not the Indians to christianity
 * The upper classes rufusal to worship with the lower class went against one of the basi beliefs in Christianity: Equality of worship under one God.
 * HIs plan soon collapsed and Pope called him back to Rome.
 * Christianity conversion succesful in Philipinne Islands since they were not previously exposed to Hinduism or Buddism cultures.


 * Do Now:** 2//9/11

What was the nature of the relationships between traders in the Indian Ocean Trading network before the Portuguese arrived, what oppertunities did this create?

Oppertunities-
 * Peacefull - unwritten code of conduct
 * Individual traders self interest, support family NOT country
 * Fragmented/ lack of central control
 * Lack of military
 * Mutual benefits in Trade
 * * Portuguese- Easy to use military to dominate*
 * Create trade monopolies - spices ect.
 * Lack of powerful states + native tribute
 * Aable to use fleet to liscense + regulate trade
 * Able to establish factories
 * Portuguese did this because no on could stop them!*


 * = China = || = Japan = ||
 * * Zhu Yuanzhangfounded the Ming dynasty
 * Overthrow Mongols, and wanted to rid China of all the "barbarians"
 * Scholar-Gentrys restored dominace and held highest positions
 * Exam became much harder, and competitive
 * Improved peasent class temporarily
 * Students expected to obey teachers no matter what
 * Disobedience lead to the beheading of the student and hia head placed on the pole outside academy
 * Women also went to underground activities, for influence in gov. & further career oppertunities.
 * New crops introduced - maize (corn), sweet patatoes, peanuts
 * created more food = population grew drasticly.
 * 14th century - 80 90 million, by 1600 - 120 million, 1800s more than doubled 300 million
 * Trade expanded, China had demanded goods so they were favored in trade.
 * Macao and Canton were places to do business in Ming China.
 * Merchants economicly benefited from trade.
 * Europeans tried to conver people to Christianity || * There were 3 military leaders
 * Nobunaga – considered cruel - first to use firearms
 * After his death, Toyotomi Hideyoshi took over.
 * dreamed of ruling China and India but didnt kno much about them
 * *threatened the Portuguese and attacked Korea (twice)
 * land ownership changed around, either owned by daimyos or Tokugawa family
 * items brought in by Europeans were soon manufactured and improved by Japan
 * complete change of warfare in Japan
 * Succesful conversion of Christianity by the hundred thousands.
 * When people refused to listen to the shogun because of their new faith, christianity was banned
 * New converts were hunted and killed
 * Japan isolated themselves to prevent foreign influence ||


 * Summary**: Europeans arival to China and Japan came with different approaches. As in China the conversion of christianity was very unsuccesful compared to their conversion in the new world. In Japan, influence was temporary as people converted to cristianity, it interfered with Japanese ways, leading to the banning of Christianity in Japan and the Japaneses own isolation from the rest of the world. Without a doubt Europeans interaction in Asia had some impact in one way or another, changing the course of the nation into a new direction.