Africa

AFRICA



Notes: **pg 666-669** Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa MI ﻿- African colonization happened in the decades before World War I by European powers and now Africa aimed for independence.
 * There were small groups of Western-educated Africans in parts of west and south central Africa in the 19th century.
 * Like India these western-educated people were loyal to the British and French during WWI.
 * British able to use African man power and resources during the war.
 * British relied on African too much.
 * Forced Africans to become soldiers, this led to local rebellions.
 * Africans had to go hungry because their crops were being used to feed the allies.
 * Unrest occurred during post war years mostly because British kept few of promises made to Africans.
 * Major strikes broke out constantly after the war.
 * **Marcus Garvey** and **W.E.B. Du Bois** arose as African American nationalist leaders.
 * **Negritude** literary movement in Paris helped change stereotypical ways of seeing Africans.
 * Colonies controlled by British and by French now differed in African representation
 * Western-educated Africans from French colonies focused in Paris for representation
 * Western-educated Africans from British colonies had representation within Africa such as the National Congress of British West Africa.
 * British granted some representation by Africans in African colonies, not yet parties but steps towards a mass base were approaching.
 * In 1930s African leaders became much more aggressive in political movements,



Notes: **pg 723 - 727** Liberation of Non-settler Africa MI - As World War II progressed, Africa suffered much more than in World War I because of their colonial overlords' increasing demands in Britain.
 * forced labors confiscation of African crops returned as African earning reduced.
 * Recruits by the hundreds of thousands of African were called upon to fight for Britain.
 * Fought bravely only to return home to racial discrimination.
 * These became supporters of post war nationalist campaigns.
 * Factories were established to process war need in south central Africa.
 * Contributed to urban growth and migration of African peasants to towns.
 * Kwame Nkrumah was leader of independent Ghana and he launched the process of decolonization in Africa.
 * Educated in African missionary schools and the U.S, he had contact with Nationalist Leaders in British and French West-Africa as well as American civil right leaders.
 * In 1948 riots broke out after police fired at peaceful demonstration.
 * Nkrumah resigned his chair of dominant political party and established his own **Conventional Peoples Party (CPP)**
 * Organized mass rallies, boycotts, and strikes.
 * Africans gained more and more representation until they eventually took over administration of the colony.
 * Peaceful transfer of power to African nationalists led to independence of the British by the mid-1960s.
 * French Africa's independence was different.
 * French negotiated with nationalist leaders such as Senghor.
 * African leaders dominated nationalist movements and post independence movements in French West.
 * By 1960s all of France's west African colonies were free.



Notes: **pg 804 - 806** South Africa - The Apartheid State and its Demise MI - South Africa, until the mid-1970s, still was controlled by white settlers.
 * Southwest Africa became fully free of South African control only in 1989, and some of the smaller island remain under European control to this day.
 * By the 1970s, South Africa was by far the largest, most populous, richest, and most strategic area where most of the population had yet to be freed from colonial rule.
 * Dutch descended Afrikaners (white settlers) had control under their nationalist parties.
 * Through a series of elections, which the black could not vote the nationalists won complete independence from Great Britain in 1960.
 * South African life was dominated by thousands of laws passed by the white minority until the 1990s.
 * Apartheid was designed to ensure a monopoly of political power and economic dominance for the white minority, and to impose a system of segregation to South African lives.
 * Separate unequal facilities were established for different racial groups, for recreation, education, housing, work, and medical care.
 * Dating and sexual intercourse across racial lines were strictly prohibited.
 * High paying jobs were reserved for whites only, black required to carry a pass stating where they were allowed to work and live.
 * If caught without passes, they were given strict jail sentences.
 * **Homelands** or "tribal" groups were set for the black African population.
 * **African National Congress** was declared illegal and some African Nationalist leaders were shipped off to maximum security prisons.
 * **F.W de Klerk** pushed for reforms that began to bring down the system of Apartheid.
 * Release of black political leaders signaled that leaders of white majority were ready to negotiate the future of South African politics and society.
 * Elections of 1994 brought power to the African national Congress party led by Nelson Mandela who became first black president of South Africa.
 * Proved to be one of the most skillful and respected leaders in the world.




 * IN DEPTH: Artificial nations and tghe Rising Tide fo Communal Strife (Pg.795)**
 * Quote:
 * "Any analysis of the recurring political crises of Africa, the Middle East, adn Ais should begin with the realization that nearly allt he antions that emerged from decolonizationw ere artificial creations."
 * Refugees from Rwanda + Angola + Cambodia
 * States were artificial
 * Civil wars in Somalia + Sudan + Mozambique
 * Not a lot of ppl gave nationalist loyalties
 * Didn't get what role -> colonialism played problems
 * East Pakistan vs. West Pakistan
 * Europeans used divide + conquer tactics

Questions: How might colonial policies have been changed to reduce the tensions between different ethnic and religious communities? Why were these measure not taken? What can be done now to alleviate these divisions? Should the United Nations or industrialized nations such as the United States or Japan intervene directly to contain communal clashes or civil wars in Africa and Asia? What is to be done with the rapidly growing refugee populations created by these conflicts? The people that conolized could have done a better job while creating national borders. Those actiong were taken because Europeans wanted to keep power in the regions. I don't think there really anything to do today, like I think is too late if anything was to be done it should of been done back then. But the United State or Japan should have intervene directly to contain communal clashes or civil wars in African and Asia.

Create a presentatation on an African Nation

Your presentation should include the following African Nation: Zimbabwe
 * Map of location
 * Date of independence
 * Who did they gain independence from?
 * How did the state gain its independence? - Timeline? Details
 * Triggers for change?
 * Who were the key leaders?
 * What political, social and economic conditions have existed since independence
 * Primary Source (s) - and details
 * Images
 * Only white people had representation in the government
 * Fully independent on April 18th 1980
 * 8 years of civil war
 * During war, British used their goods, made several promises (which were never fulfilled) and set several restrictions on nationalist leaders.
 * Extremely poor nation, corruption in government.
 * Several Droughts
 * Wanted to have their own national identity, had to fight for independence.
 * Currency is worthless
 * Robert Mugabee is the current president.
 * Failed State

1962 || France Since 1830 || National Liberation Fron (FNL) - Tried to appeal to Muslims for independence ||  || Yes || Independent in 1975 || Portuguese || National Liberation Front (FNLA) Popular Liberation (MPLA) || Holden Roberto Jonas Savimbi Dr. Agostinho Neto || Yes || Leopold (king) || Patrice Lumumba, 1960 (Congo full ind.) young intellegent politician. Arrested and assasinated by the CIA Uranium, gold, and dimond rich. || King Leopold 2nd (leader for Congo, not independent) Henry Morten Stanley Governor-general Petillon || No || 1957 || Great Britain ||  || Kwame Nkrumah || Yes || Assasination of somr British officials, extremely violent || Oginga Odinga Harry Thuku Jomo Kenyatta ||  || Not truly independent untill 1994 because of prior organization system || Britain || Afrikaner National Part favored rigid system of apharteid. || Nelson Mandela Walter Sisulu F.W de Klerks brought down system of aphartied || Yes ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || July 5,
 * Angola || Started 1961
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belgium
 * Ghana || March 6,
 * Guinea ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || Great Britain || Violent Protests
 * Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * South Africa || 1934

African Independence Summary: Although all African Nations have now gained their independence from their colonialoverlords, most of the African Nations have not been succesful after gaining independence. This is partly because of the inexperience of the leaders ruling Africa and the corruption that occurs in the government. Even though Africa is extremely mineral rich, for the most part they are an extremely poor continent. Other things contribute to the failure of these states such as drought and disease. There are some exceptions of course, such as South Africa which just recently hosted the World Cup, which have done pretty well for themselves since their gaining independence. For the most part however, nations such as Zimbabwe, have been failed states and are in serious crisis. Most of them rely on foreign aid and the help of organizations such as the Red Cross and the United Nations.