Chapter+18

=**RUSSIA**=

Before Ivan the Great gained power, Russia was under Mongolian rule. Ironicly the gained experience from being tax collectors for the Mongols.Mongols aslso made trade and manufacturing low so Russia became agricultural (peasent work). Under the Mongols rule, social and dressing habits changed because they were adopted from the Mongols. || * Extremely tall (6.8”)
 * Name of Leader: Peter I ||
 * Lifespan Born June 9 1672 and Died February 8 1725 (aged 52) || Title: Peter The Great! (tsar) ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power May 1682-February 1725 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power :
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:

Wanted Russia to be like the western cultural || * Supported upper class women
 * The expansion of Russia around its borders.
 * Tsarist policies encouraging westernization focused only on particular aspects of western society
 * He also changed selected aspects of economy and culture by imitating the reforms of the west
 * Vigorous + Intelligent Leader (ruthless energy) - reminds me of Shi Huangdi.
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power

* Created trading ports (Baltic + Caspian Sea)
 * Political Views = Autocratic
 * Education system focused on math + science
 * Forced police to watch over political leaders
 * Recruited bureaucrats from other regions + gave noble titles in exchange
 * Adopted west military tactics
 * Started Trading Camp ||
 * Short-Term effects:

* Westernized Russia (Influenced)
 * Attacked Ottoman Empire (lost)
 * Moved Russia’s capital (Moscow -> St. Petersburg)
 * Added advisors under his control
 * Temporarily became major power
 * Created trading ports (Baltic + Caspian Sea)
 * Changed power of aristocrats || Long-Term Effects


 * Created first Russian Navy (although it was weak)
 * Better weapons for the army
 * Law code for whole empire
 * Revised tax system
 * Secret Police
 * Increased Learning ||

After Peter The Great's death Russia fell under weak rule, for several decades, ineffective emperrors and empresses, Untill Catherine the Great came in. || * Converted to the Orthodox faith (after marriage)
 * Name of Leader: Catherine The Great ||
 * Lifespan: Born May 2 1729 - Nov. 17 1796 (Aged 67) || Title: Catherine the Great (tsarista) ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power : July 1762 - November 1796 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:

* Defended the powers of the central monarch
 * Maintained an active personal life
 * Tempted the ideas of the French Enlightenments
 * Succession of lovers (some of them politically influential) ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power

* Summoned various reform commission to discuss new law codes and other Western style measures
 * Put down a vigorous peasant uprising ||
 * Short-Term effects:

was able to win agreements with Austria and Prussia || Long-Term Effects * Maintained a trade-off (previous 2 centuries in Russia)
 * French Revolution
 * Resumed campaigns against the Ottoman Empire
 * Won territories in central Asia
 * Increased Russian interference in Polish affairs
 * Russia


 * Largest land empire in the world
 * Gave new powers to the nobility over their serfs
 * Continued to build St. Petersburg
 * Three centuries of extraordinary development
 * Won independence + constructed a strong central state
 * New elements into Russia’s culture and economy (from West) ||


 * Similarites/Differences between Russian and Western Expansion 1400-1800:**

Russia: - Gains go to state
 * Weak Navy
 * Overthrow of Mongol overlords.
 * Venture Capital (money) = State
 * Estate agriculture
 * Dependent Economy
 * Land Based
 * Catherine the Great
 * Protectors of Christianity

West: - Gains = more comercial
 * Encountenda + Slavery
 * Strong Navy
 * Spain = reconsista over muslims
 * Venture Capital (money) = Private
 * Plantation (cash crop) agriculture
 * Core nation
 * Sea Based
 * Elizabeth I / Isabella
 * Missionary West

Both:
 * Dependence on coercive labor systems.
 * Conquest = Military superiority
 * Origins = Overcoming internal invaders
 * Agriculture = important
 * Women - Female leaders supported expansion
 * Religious Element

Thesis Statement: C + C Russian Expansion compared to the West. 1400-1800

Western and Russian expansion had a high dependence on coercive labor systems in order to continue expansion, as Russia expanded outside its borders for greater control in its surroundings, Western expansion was sea based and long distance control in its new colonies.