India

= INDIA  =



Notes: pg 657-661

The Making of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj


 * During the years of the war, India became the largest industrial sector in the colonized world because of British needs led to development of factories.
 * Movements for independence arose in Asia.
 * India led the way for nationalist movements again its colonizers, Britain.
 * Egypt followed after India.
 * Key themes included educated western elites taking the lead, the importance of charismatic leaders, and nonviolent forms of protest.
 * National Congress Party = Indian independence
 * NCP governed India for most of the early decades of the post-colonial era.
 * Created from Western-educated Indian that started off more as studyclubs than political organizations.
 * Centered in Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras.
 * With Indian voice being heard in politics, British thought there would be no protests or discontent.
 * Western-educated Indians were troubled by British racism.
 * Gave India an identity that never before existed

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement


 * Western-educated elites were unsure on how to draw a large Indian population into their nationalist community.
 * Indian businessmen were angered by Britain'sfavoritism to British investors in establishing trade policies in India.
 * India stressed the "drain" of resources under colonial rule.
 * Big part of Indias government money went to paying off expenses caused by a huge army that fought wars in Britain.
 * Also paid "generous salaries and pensions" of British administrators, who took positions that Indian were qualified to take.
 * The needs of the British economy led to the production of cash crops by an Indian peasantry such as cotton, jute, and indigo.
 * Indian radicals claimed that Britain never experienced food shortages, or epidemic diseases and did too little to alleviate these issues in India.
 * Landless and poverty increased under British rule.

The Rise of Militant Nationalism


 * Indian nationalist leaders appealed to the Hindus, things such as the protection of cows.
 * However this conflicted with other religions such as the Muslims which made up 1/4 of India.
 * **B. G. Tilak**,Indian leader, did not mind split.
 * Since hindus made up majority of population, nationalism should be built on their religions beliefs.
 * Attempted to revive Hinduism, which meant he apposed women's education.
 * He also tried to persuade Indians to refuse to serve in colonial administration and military.
 * Tilik demanded full independence, threatened with violent rebellion if British didn't agree.
 * First Indian with a mass following
 * British arrested and exiled him for 6 years in Burma, mass movement for Hindu population was practically over.
 * Other major threat to British colonial rule was terrorists in India.
 * Formed underground secret societies.
 * Little support, limited resources, was put down by British by the outbreak of WWI
 * After the end of Talik and the terrorists, the National Congress Party grew stronger.
 * **Morley-Minto reforms** of 1909 provided educated Indians with more oppertunities to vote for and serve on local and alliIndian legislative councils.

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggles


 * India played critical role in British war effort.
 * Indian princes offered war loans, Indian soldiers fought is East Africa and the Middle East, and nationalists leaders such as Gandhi and Talik went around selling British war bonds.
 * Indian war support negatively impacted India as famines arose and death of soldiers grew on a war that had little to do with them
 * After the end of the war in 1918, Indian politicians were angered at British for refusing to honor wartime promises.
 * They were promised gradual self government within the empire after conflict was over.
 * The **Montagu-Chelmsford** reforms of 1919 increased the powers of Indian legislators and gave India much of their own administration.
 * **Rowlatt Act** offset previous reforms and placed severe restriction on Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press.
 * **Mohandas Gandhi** emerged as a new political leader joined India in a campaign against the policies of the colonial overlords.
 * Gandhi appealed to all with nonviolence but aggressive protest tactics.
 * **satyagraha** = truth force was effective because nonviolence limited British to use their superior military.
 * Under Gandhi's leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920's and 1930's.

Notes: pg 722-723

The Wining of Independence in South and Southeast Asia

MI - After many years and several struggles, India gained independence from Britain and separated into two countries; India and Pakistan one ruled by Hindus and the other by Muslims and in doing so they inspired other nations to also gain independence.


 * Indian Congress leaders offered to support Allies IF British would give most significant share of power at the all-Indian level.
 * Also had to commit themselves to Indian independence once war was over.
 * Rejected by Winston Churchill and the British and some Indians.
 * However India's independence was negotiable.
 * Quit India Movement - renewal of massive civil disobedience (1942)
 * British arrested many Indians including Gandhi
 * Muslim League - approved and backed up the British cause in India. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 * Pushed for a separate Muslim state
 * In order to get more support Muslims said that a united Indian state would be ruled by a Hindu majority and discrimination would occur.
 * A separate state for Muslims would have to be created, called Pakistan.
 * In 1947, British gave power to 2 new nations
 * An independent Indian nation led by the Congress Party, and Pakistan with Jinnah as their first president.
 * Religious bloodbath occured between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikh.
 * Caused refuge of up to 10 million people.
 * Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu fanatic on his way to a prayer meeting.
 * Indian independence movements and Gandhi's civil rights movements inspired other nations to strive for independence such as Ghana, Nigeria, and other African colonies in the 1950's and 1960's.

__**Leadership Analysis:**__ Gandhi was not this old, fragile, poor looking man like most people interpereted. He studied law in London and was actually a wealthhy well dressed educated man. At college in London met a group called the Theosophical Society which inspired him to read religious literature, both Hindu and Christian texts. Also wrote an autobiography. || Gandhi was a political leader in India and the founder of **satyagraha.** He believed in Indian independence from Britain but knew war was not the way they were going to achieve it. Best known for nonviolence and a religious guru, Gandhi accomplished several changes that would change the history of India and inspire other nations to do the same. || After several unsuccesful movements in India to gain independence, Gandhi rose as a political leader andunched several civil right movements that would eventually accomplish this goal. Gandhi's theory of nonviolence and civil disobedience turned out to gain major support in India since they were no match against the British army. After several protests and tours around India preeching to his people, After WWII India finally gained independence and was split into two new nations. The newly free India led by the National Congress Party with Hindu as the leading religion, and Pakistan with Jinnah as their first president with a Muslim religion. In doing this he inspired several other African nations to go strive for independence. ||
 * Name of Leader: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ||
 * Lifespan: October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948 || Title: Political Leader - "Batu" (father) ||
 * Country/region: India || Years in Power: 1920s and 1930s ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
 * Short-Term effects:


 * Joined India under Hinduism
 * Civil Rights disobedience
 * Created protests in India
 * Gained independence for India || Long-Term Effects:


 * Inspired other nations to do the same.
 * Remembered for NONVIOLENCE
 * nonviolence, truth, and faith
 * October 2, International day of
 * Inspired Marther Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela ||

__**Indian Identity**__

An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India. Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions. An identity is who you are, how people see you and what you are known for. Continuing a trend known to all. You don't usually form oyur own identity, people form it for you. So it is how other people see you as and how they identify you. By having an identity you and other have a mindset on how your suppose to act. For example if some one sees you as a christian person, they wouldnt expect you to follow muslim ways and follow in Muhammad's teachings, or go against the christian religion. This can influence some one because they are already expected to be a certain way thus making them automatically act a certain way. Confirmity is to act and behave in a way that is expected of you. Moral expectations put on by society. To "belong" means to be like others, if you conform and act as you "should" and like other people do and expect you to, then you belong. By being different and NOT conforming society sees you as not belonging. They way we act and what we believe in, go hand in hand with our thoughts. They influence one another. To be a part of, to be a member of. It means to be accepted by the group and have them acknowledge you as one of them. Membership is defined as - "anything that belongs to a set or class; "snakes are members of the class Reptilia"; "members of the opposite sex" . - google
 * What is an Identity?
 * How are our identities formed?
 * How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others?
 * What is conformity?
 * How does a society decide who belongs and who does not?
 * How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking?
 * What does it mean to belong to a group?
 * How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined?

When you have completed the answers to the questions above, copy your answers and the questions (minus the ? mark) and paste them into a wordle. Put this wordle onto your wiki. Under your India page.

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