Russian+and+Japan

__ Russia and Japan: Industrialization outside the West __

__Russia__ 1. What was the Decemberist uprising? What were its causes and effects? A revolt of Western-oriented army officials, in 1825. Caused because of the disagreement of who would be the succesor or Tsar Alexander I because he had no son. Revolt failed, leaders were executed or or exiled to Siberia. 2. What were the weaknesses of the Russian economy? They couldnt keep up with the West's technology, they always fell behind. 3. What caused the Crimean War? what were its major effects? The widening gap between Russia and the West from 1854-1856 4. Why were serfs emancipated? how did their emancipation differ from the emancipation of slaves in the U.S.? What changes did it create? Rigorous serfdom did not ssuit the economic needs of new societies. It was different because the serfdoom emancipation was more generous than the US' liberation of the slaves. It helped create a larger labor force. 5 What were the Zemstvoes? How successful were they? They were local political councils created by the Tsar, who helped regulate schools, roads, and other regional policies. 6. What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian railroad? It connected European Russia with the Pacific. 7. What economic reforms were enacted by Sergei Witte The minister of finance from 1892-1903 enacted high tariffs to protect new Russian industry. 8. What were the signs that Russia was headed to revolution? (think about - intelligentsia, anarchists, Marxists, Bolsheviks.) When the peoples demands werent being met, also educated aristocrats pushed for revolution. Groups of radicals were active such as the intelligentsia. Revolution was coming. __Japan: Transformation without Revolution__ 1. Explain major developments in Japan in the early 1800's
 * Combined a central bureacracy with semifeudal alliances between daimyos and samurais,
 * Developed in intelectual and cultural life.
 * By 1859 more then 40% of all man and over 15% of all women were literate.
 * Exposed to western ideas.

2. What effect did the actions of Commodore Perry have on Japan? (include details on Samurai discontent)
 * Opened trade in Japan with Americans
 * Two ports opened for trade, led to the creation of a council in Japan (This meant westerners living in Japan coulb be governed by their own representatives)
 * Samurai were divided

3. List the actions taken by the Meiji State
 * Ended Feudalism
 * Samurai sent to U.S and Europe to gain knowledge on technology and economic and political practices.
 * No more Samurai class (abolished) - compensated with government bonds, but still many became poor.

4. Explain how Japan Industrialized - (Private and government roles) Japan industrialized after seeing their old ways could no longer keep up with the rest of the world and to "westernize" and adapt western ideas would benefit the country as a whole. The army was upgraded according to western standards, new government banks funded trade, and railroads were built across the country. Even after adapting western practices they were still at a disadvantage because they were low on resources and depended on other nations imports such as coal which was fundamental to Industrialize.

5. List ways that Industrialization changed Japan Japan moved away from an isolationist nation to an Industrialized nation with new foreign policies. Medicines decreased death rates and reduced birth rates making the population growth steady. Above all Japan was now an Industrialized nation and could compete with western powrs.

6. What division within Japanese society were created by modernization? There was a division between the old and the new. The old were still attached with old Japanese traditions and resented western thoughts as the new generation supported Industrialization and knew Japan had to change its ways to keep up with the rest of the world. It could no longer be and isolated nation without foreign influence and trade.

__In Depth: The Seperate Paths of Japan and China__ What civilization features had Japan and China shared before the 19th-century ? In what ways were Japanese political institutions more adaptable than Chinese institutions? Why was Russia able to change earlier and more fundamentally than 19th-century China? Before the 19th century, both China and Japan had chosen to be isolated nation, resenting foreign influence. However as time progressed, both China and Japan were forced to open trade and allow foreign influence into their nations by western powers even against their will. This turned out to benefit them in the long run.Both countries lacked in keeping up with new modern western society making them more vulnerable to their powers.